Lenz’s Law-Based Virtual Net for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria from Water

Abstract

We have developed a method for rapid detection of pathogenic bacteria from water using a virtual net comprising magnetic nanoparticle clusters (MNC). When an external magnetic field was applied to the antibody-functionalized MNC (Ab-MNC) solution in a glass tube (GT), the Ab-MNCs were aligned along the direction of the applied magnetic field to form a wall of MNCs. The injection of a liquid into the GT pushed the MNCs to flow when the drag force exceeded the magnetic force that held the MNCs. In contrast, injection of a liquid into the GT wrapped with a copper tape (Cu-GT) created a magnetic field in the opposite direction of the liquid flow according to Lenz's law, which retained the MNCs inside Cu-GT even at a flow rate 2.5 times higher than the maximum flow rate at which the MNCs were retained inside the GT. As proof of concept, E. coli O157:H7-spiked aqueous solutions were injected into Cu-GT containing Ab-MNCs. The structural flexibility of the Ab-MNC wall allowed the liquid to pass through but induced binding of the bacteria to the Ab-MNC wall, just as the wall acted like a virtual net. The detection limit was 10(2) CFU/mL of E. coli as measured by an ATP luminometer, and the total assay time was 15 min including 10 min for the isolation and separation steps.