Current status and ecological roles of Zostera marina after recovery from large-scale reclamation in the Nakdong River estuary, Korea

Abstract

Large Zostera marina meadows (covering 13.6 km(2)) existed in the Nakdong River estuary on the south coast of Korea until the mid-1980s, but these Z marina beds nearly disappeared due to reclamation of adjacent mud flats for the construction of a port and industrial complex during the late 1980s. Partial recovery of Z manna meadows occurred recently, and Z marina coverage of about 0.3 km(2) was observed in this estuary. In this study, shoot morphology, density, biomass, productivity, and tissue nutrient content were measured to evaluate the current status of the Z. marina meadows by comparing these data to those for persistent seagrass meadows in similar geographical areas. Additionally, we examined the ecological roles of Z marina in this estuary after recovery from the large-scale disturbance. Shoot density (151 shoots m(-2)) and total biomass (141 g DW m(-2)) in the estuary were similar to those reported from other Z manna meadows in Korea. Annual leaf production (1726 g DW m(-2) y(-1)) was higher than generally observed for Z marina in other geographical areas. These results imply that the existing Z marina meadows in this estuary have adjusted to local environmental conditions that changed after large-scale reclamation. Estimated annual whole plant carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) incorporations based on shoot production and tissue C and N content were 810.0 g C m(-2) y(-1) and 59.7 g N m(-2) y(-1), respectively. These values were equivalent to 2.4 x 10(5) kg Cy-1 and 1.8 x 10(4) kg N y(-1) for all Z marina beds in the Nakdong River estuary. This high C and N incorporation into Z marina tissues suggests that existing Z. marina meadows play important roles in C and N cycles in this estuary. Although the currently existing Z. marina beds in this estuary are persisting and play an important ecological role, anthropogenic factors that cause seagrass declines still affect the estuary. Thus, effective management and monitoring of Z marina beds and environmental factors are critical to protecting and conserving this invaluable component of the Nakdong River estuary. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.