Achieving Hemispherical Beam Coverage for a 39 GHz Integrated Lens featuring Double-Elliptical Boundaries through sequential GO and multiple Scattering

Abstract

This paper describes an accurate and efficient integrated lens antenna (ILA) design method for beam coverage enhancement and scan loss mitigation. The complex topology is first devised based on geometrical optics, in which a two-dimensional raytracing model is formulated to calculate the refractive trajectories on double-elliptical boundaries. A novel particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is developed for geometric parameter optimization. Afterwards, electromagnetic scattering is utilized to take into accounts of the realistic constraints of the source radiator. Using this methodology, the exemplified ILA achieves a main beam scanning angle of 83° and scan loss of 2.20 dB with broad operational bandwidth. Using this method hemispherical beamsteering antennas can be effectively devised. This method is expected to alleviate the mmWave 5G antenna CAPEX (capital expenditure) by more than 50%.